Edgar Allan Poe Essays (1507 words) - Edgar Allan Poe,

Edgar Allan Poe Many authors have made great contributions to the world of literature. Mark Twain introduced Americans to life on the Mississippi. Thomas Hardy wrote on his pessimistic views of the Victorian Age. Another author that influenced literature is Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is known as the father of the American short story and father of the detective story. To understand the literary contributions of Edgar Allan Poe, one must look at his early life, his literary life, and a summary of two of his famous works. "Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston'' (Inglis 505) "on January 19, 1809'' (Asselineau 409). He was born to a southern family that were in a traveling company of actors (Inglis 505). His father, David Poe, was from a Baltimore family. He was an actor by profession and a heavy drinker. Soon after Edgar Allan Poe was born, he left his family. Poe's mother, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, was a widow at the age of eighteen. Two years after his birth, she died of tuberculosis (Asselineau 409). When his mother died, Poe was adopted by John Allan (Perry XI) at the urging of Mr. Allan's wife. In 1815, John Allan moved his family to England. While there, Poe was sent to private schools (Asselineau 410). In the spring of 1826, Poe entered the University of Virginia. There he studied Spanish, French, Italian, and Latin. He had an excellent scholastic record. He got into difficulties almost at once. Mr. Allan did not provide him with the money to pay for his fees and other necessities. Poe was confused and homesick. He learned to play cards and started drinking. Soon he was in debt in excess of two thousand dollars. Poe discovered that he could not depend upon Allan for financial support. His foster father refused to pay his debts, and Poe had to withdraw from the University (Asselineau 410). In May of 1827, Poe enlisted in the army as a common soldier. He did this under the name of Edgar A. Perry. He was stationed on Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbor for over a year. Poe adapted very well to military discipline and quickly rose to the rank of regimental sergeant major. After a while, he got tired of the same daily routine involved in military life. Poe wrote regularly to Mr. Allan. He met with Mr. Allan after the death of Mrs. Allan in February of 1829. With Allan's support, he received his discharge and enlisted in West Point on July 1, l830 (Asselineau 410). While at West Point, Mr. Allan, who had remarried, continued in not providing Poe with enough money. Poe decided to have himself kicked out of school. Cutting classes and disregarding orders were his solutions. He was court-martialed for neglect of duties in January, 1831, and left West Point the following month (Asselineau 411). "Poe was great in three different fields , and in each one he made a reputation that would give any man a high place in literary history. Poe wrote great short stories, famous not only in his own country, but all over the world (Robinson V)." "Hawthorne, Irving, Balzac, Bierce, Crane, Hemingway and other writers have given us memorable short stories; but none has produced so great a number of famous and unforgettable examples, so many tales that continue, despite changing standards to be read and reprinted again and again throughout the world (Targ VII)." "Poe was the father of the modern short story, and the modern detective story (Targ VII)." "With the possible exception of Guy de Maupassant, no other writer is so universally known and esteemed for so large of a corpus of excellent tales as in Edgar Allan Poe (Targ VII)." In 1831, Poe succeeded in publishing a new edition of his poems entitled, Poems. Poe was now in great difficulty. He went to New York, but could find no job there. Eventually he took refuge with his aunt, Mrs. Clemm, in Baltimore. There he decided to seek employment and make his living by writing. Failing to get attention with his poems, he decided to start writing short stories. Poe competed in a contest for the best short story in 1831. The prize was offered by

The 7 Types of Weather in a High Pressure System

The 7 Types of Weather in a High Pressure System Learning to forecast the weather means understanding the type of weather associated with an approaching high-pressure zone. A high-pressure zone is also known as an anticyclone. On a weather map, a blue letter H is used to symbolize a zone of pressure that is relatively higher than the surrounding areas. Air pressure is typically reported in units called millibars or inches of mercury. The origin of a high-pressure zone will determine the type of weather to come. If a high-pressure zone moves in from the south, the weather is usually warm and clear in the summer. However, a high-pressure zone originating from the north will usually bring cold weather in the winter months. One common mistake is to think all high-pressure zones bring warm and nice weather. Cooler air is dense and has more air molecules per unit of volume making it exert more pressure on the surface of Earth. Therefore, the weather in a high-pressure zone is generally fair and cool. An approaching high-pressure zone doesn’t cause the stormy weather associated with low-pressure zones.Winds blow away from a high-pressure zone. If you think of the wind like a squeezed balloon, you can imagine that the more pressure you put on the balloon, the more air will be pushed away from the source of the pressure. In fact, wind speeds are calculated based on the pressure gradient produced when air pressure l ines called isobars are drawn on a weather map. The closer the isobar lines, the higher the wind speed. The column of air above a high-pressure zone is moving downwards. Because the air above the high-pressure zone is cooler higher in the atmosphere, as the air moves downward, a lot of the clouds in the air will dissipate.Due to the Coriolis effect, winds in a high-pressure zone blow clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. In the United States, the prevailing winds move from West to East. Looking on a weather map, you can generally predict the type of weather heading your way by looking towards the west.Weather in a high-pressure system is usually drier. As the sinking air increases in pressure and temperature, the number of clouds in the sky decreases leaving less chance for precipitation. Some avid fishermen even swear by a rising barometer to get their best catches! Although the scientific community has had no luck in proving this tidbit of weather folklore many people still believe fish will bite better in a high-pressure system. Still, other fishermen think fish bite better in stormy weather, which is why a fishing barometer is a popular addition to a tackle box. The speed at which air pressure increases will determine the type of weather an area can expect. If the air pressure rises very quickly, the calm weather and clear skies will generally be over as quickly as they came. An abrupt rise in pressure can indicate a short-lived high-pressure zone with a stormy low-pressure zone behind it. That means you can expect clear skies followed by a storm. (Think: What goes up, must come down) If the rise in pressure is more gradual, a persistent period of calm may be seen for several days. The speed at which the pressure changes over time is called the pressure tendency.Reduced air quality is common in a high-pressure zone. The wind speeds in a high-pressure zone tend to decrease because, as discussed above, the winds move away from a high-pressure zone. This can cause pollutants to build up near the area of the high-pressure zone. Temperatures will often increase leaving behind favorable conditions for chemical reactions to occur. The presence of f ewer clouds and warmer temperatures make the perfect ingredients for the formation of smog or ground-level ozone. Ozone Action Days are also often common during periods of high pressure. Visibility will often decrease in an area as a result of increased particulate pollution. High-pressure systems are usually called Fair Weather Systems because the 7 types of weather in a high-pressure zone are generally comfortable and clear. Keep in mind that high and low pressures mean the air is under higher or lower pressure relative to the surrounding air. A high-pressure zone can have a reading of 960 millibars (mb). And a low-pressure zone can have a reading of 980 millibars for example. The 980 mb is clearly a greater pressure than the 960 mb, but it is still labeled a low when stated in comparison to the surrounding air. So, when the barometer is rising expect fair weather, decreased cloudiness, possible reduced visibility, reduced air quality, calmer winds, and clear skies. You may also want to learn more by checking out how to read a barometer. Sources Newton BBS Ask-a-Scientist ProgramThe Environmental Protection Agency

MGT 470 Take home exam Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 470 Take home exam - Coursework Example These are presented in the following sections of the book (blue shaded headings): As a whole, these entrepreneurial qualities (skills, intentions, and behaviors) include opportunity recognition, acquiring social networks, effectuation and bricolage, self-efficacy, optimism, regulatory focus, alertness and more. Each one holds potential for being more innovative, creative and enterprising in your profession (and your life). Note that in the following two questions, the more variety of qualities you have in your answers, the better i.e. four different qualities are better than two, each done twice). A. Which of these (three at most)Â  are ‘most important’ for being an entrepreneur? For each one, explain in one or two sentences (max) why they are particularly influential in the process and to the outcomes. [12 points] Acquiring social networks- this allows the entrepreneur to attract new business customers across a variety of verticals thus increasing customer base. It helps in reaching targeted audiences quickly thus generating more sales/leads and profits. B. Choose one or two of these entrepreneurial qualities that are most interesting or meaningful to you. What intrigues you about it – why are you drawn to these qualities? Briefly suggest one way you could cultivate this skill or behavior in your work. (1 page double spaced max) [20 points] This entrepreneurial quality enables an individual in going out in the world to invoke change through their actions. Self-motivated individuals are good risk takers and are often not afraid of failure; they have strong inner drive to make progress. Self-motivation helps in working tirelessly in solving problems that confront them. Entrepreneurs are more able to adapt pretty well to the changing situations without unraveling. The quality enables an entrepreneur to help their teams change with

Trespass On The Person; Battery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trespass On The Person; Battery - Essay Example In the case of Wilkinson v Downtan [1897] 2 QB 57Â  emotional anguish was held to be battery, irrespective of the fact that there was no physical contact with the claimant. The defendant told the claimant as a form of bad joke that her husband had been seriously injured. The claimant suffered emotional distress and had to be taken to the hospital due to the shock suffered. The person being battered may not necessary be aware of the act or the harmful nature of the action being carried out against his/her person and causation may be direct or indirect. It is further not necessary to prove damage in order to get an award. The degree of offensive or harmful standard is measured against what a reasonable man in the omnibus would deem offensive or harmful, when he analyses the contact objectively. Further battery does not have to entail physical to physical contact, this is because, touching an object that is construed to be intimately connected to another person with the owners consent is also deemed to be battery. Further, there may be a disconnect of events between the defendants actions and the plaintiff damage; and still the court will construe battery to have occurred. If for example person A sets a trap for person B in the form of a mouse trap, battery occurs when person B is actually caught in the trap. As stated earlier it not material that the victim is aware that the tort is being carried out. A good example is when a doctor is performing a caesarian section and in the process decides to and the doctor for his own personal reasons decides to take uterus, then battery has occurred. Further battery occurs when the doctor allows the his visiting housewife to help with the operation, this is because the consent to the procedure only entails persons to who the patient agreed to and not persons she could not have anticipated take part in the process. Intent is another principle relevant to the tort of trespass to the person. It means that the person carrying o ut the tortuous act desires the consequences of his action. The American law institute further echoes this definition by construing intent to mean the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. There are various types of intents depending on the nature of one’s action consequences. Specific intent refers to a situation where A intended the actions arising from his conduct. A good example is when A, loads a gun, aims and fires at B. The subjective state that person A intended the consequence of his actions. General intent on the other hand refers to a situation where the consequences are far more reaching than the original though the actor was certain, or substantially certain of a degree of consequence. Then in such a case the law will conclude that he intended the magnitude of the consequences of his action. However, if the probability of a consequence occurring are minimal, then he the law will construe that it was mere negligence. Transferred intent occurs in a si tuation where a person A intends to assault person B but in the process, batters person C. There law will transfer intentions of A as to intending to also batter C. This was established in the case of Livingston v Ministry of defenc [1984] NILR 356 , A intended to hit B with a Baton, he accidentally missed and hit C instead. It was held that A battered C. The doctrine of transfer intent occurs in the cases of assault and battery, where an intended assault becomes a battery after the

Benzene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benzene - Research Paper Example Urban air quality and indoor air pollution has been listed as the World’s worst air pollution (blacksmith institute 2008).Benzene comes in as one of the biggest pollutant of air. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formulae C6H6. It have molecules composed of six carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring as shown below. It’s a clear liquid, petroleum based chemical that have a sweet smell. Individuals may be exposed to it in factories,refineries and other industrial settings. Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows,touches or breathes in benzene. It’s advised for treatment to actual poison exposure to benzene one should contact the authorities. It may be found in:Diesel fuel and additives to gasoline, various paint, lacquer and varnish removers and many industrial solvents. Blurred vision, a burning sensation in the throat and nose. Benzene causes rapid and irregular heartbeat, tight chest and rapid shallow breathing and nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting. Exposure to benzene the following in the nervous system; dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness, tremors, staggering, convulsions, euphoria, unconsciousness, headache and weakness. It also causes pale skin and small red dots on the skin. This research will consist of literature review to explain various studies undertaken to explain pollution by benzene, a critical assessment of risk from exposure to benzene, a technical report of risk assessment of benzene and healthy precautions. The first study put forwardrefers benzene as an organic compound found in air emissions from burning coal, gasoline and to some extent cigarettes smoke. Benzene concentration in ambient air is very high due vehicle emissions. Its concentration in indoors air are also significant contributors to children’s exposures, especially in homes where people. It classifies benzene as a carcinogen based on occupational studies in adults demonstrated by increased instances of leukemia incidences.it have

Rise And Growth Of Communalism In India History Essay

Rise And Growth Of Communalism In India History Essay Introduction: Communalism is defined as a theory of a society that is divided into several small, independent communes and the state is just a confederation of these communes. It is sometimes said to put the interests of the community above the interests of the individual. This is usually only done on the principle that the community exists for the benefit of the individuals who participate in it, so the best way to serve the interests of the individual is through the interests of the community. However it has turned to take a negative meaning where people start promoting the interests of one community over another. Communalism believes that the people of different religions have different interests in political and economic matters, regardless of whether they belong to the same nation or province. It is divided into three stages: First: People having similar religion are intended to have similar area of interests. Second: No common area of interest among people of dissimilar religion. Third: People having similar interest from different religions are incompatible to each other because of hatred and fear of religions. In the Indian context it has gone on to mean divide on the basis of religion and ethnicity leading to communal violence instead of peace and brotherhood. Growth of Communalism in India: During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first war for independence, Hindus and Muslims fought side by side united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy. The British noticed this unity and realized that their survival rested on being able to keep the people divided, for they had managed to establish their rule because politically India had been a divided country at the time of their entry. This realization led to the famous British Divide and Rule policy. Religion was supposed to be one of the best factors to divide the people. It is used as an influential mechanism to attain economic, political and other social activities. And British used religion as their weapon to divide the strength which India had as a whole.   Till 1870 the British oppressed the Muslims greatly for they held them responsible for the revolt. After 1870 the British changed colors and instead started favoring the Muslim community. The rise of nationalism had threatened the British power in India and their efforts obviously were directed to suppress it. Now an important feature of the national movement was that it took longer to spread amongst the Muslim community. As a result the early nationalists movement was made up mainly of people from the Hindu, Parsi and Christian communities. The British noticed the absence of the Muslims in this movement, and quickly began working on ensuring that they did not join the movement. The British began implementing policies too that promoted the activities of communal forces, and divided the national struggle. When the British opened up the administration of the country most positions were taken up the Hindus since the education culture had not spread to the Muslim Community making them feel left out and demand a special reservation. Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, an earlier nationalist drifted towards Communalism. Communalism was also fostered through the writing of the Indian History. Socio-religious reform movements like Arya Samaj, Sanatan Dharam movements, Aligarh movement, Wahabi movement and some other fringe movements contributed towards communalism. Partition of Bengal: The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was made on October 16 by then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Partition was promoted on the grounds that Bengal was a very large state with a large population causing the eastern region to under-governed. However, the actual motives behind the partition were different. The position of the Bengali Hindus would be weakened, since Muslims would now dominate in the East which led to Hindu opposition to the partition while the Muslims highly favored it. This partition was one more part of Divide and Rule policy. As the partition was in favor of Muslims they welcomed it, whereas the Hindus were not in favor of it. Due to this Hindu community launched a Swadeshi Movement by boycotting the British goods. Seeing this scenario British decided to support the Hindus, this act disturbed the Muslims. It was medium to tell the Muslims to go to their homeland. Formation of Muslim League: The growing communalism led to the Muslims forming a new political party called the Muslim League in 1906. Initially it was only confined to the educated class of Muslims. At around the same time the Indian National Congress began garnering mass support from its members and also consisted of young Muslims. Mohammed Ali Jinnah one of the major forces behind the creation of Pakistan was in fact a member of the Indian National Congress till 1920. Khilafat Movement: Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant Islamic movement in India during the British rule. The sultan of turkey also known as the caliph i.e. khalifa or successor of Prophet Muhammad was considered as the religious leader of the Muslims all over the world. This was first the religious political movement in India involving common Muslims. However, initially this movement was first targeted to the educated and elite Muslims only. The goals of the Khilafat Movement were: Secure the Ottoman Caliphate Turkeys territory should be protected And not letting the Muslim holy places go under the hands of Non-Muslims. The Khilafat Movement received the support of  Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru, who related his Non Cooperation Movement  with it. As major Congress leaders had joined hands with this movement the other political parties came together to support the injustice faced by the Muslims. Following were some steps taken by the movement: No involvement in the Victory celebrations Boycotting of British commodities Non-cooperation Movement with the Government. The main leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, famously known as the Ali brothers. They were among the leaders who used to protest from jail and their voices used to be heard through magazines and newspaper which awakened the Muslim community. The hub of this movement was Bombay, where they had their first conference wherein discussing the issues of the Movement. Jinnah, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha: The mass popularity that the Indian National Congress was enjoying led to The Muslim League feeling increasingly sidelined. As a result the Muslim League won  only 109 from 492 reserved Muslim seats and only 4.8 percent of the overall Muslim votes  showing thereby the lack of famous assistance for the Muslim League even amongst the Muslim inhabitants. In the elections of 1937 Muslims had a good response whereas its counterpart Hindus did not have encouraging response. For example, Hindu Mahasabha had acquired only 12 seats from 175 in  Punjab. This resulted in union of the parties in order to ensure survival. This got worse in 1938 when the congress prohibited communalists from functioning within the Congress organization. Thus the congress was criticized for  preaching that Hindus were the only Nation living in  India. This led to the Hindu fundamentalists version of two nation theory. The two nation theory included Hindu Maha Sabha wherein it states that the country belongs to only Hindus and the Muslims should find their own home or should remain obedient to Hindus. And other the Muslim League wherein it states that Pakistan is the only option to protect the interest of Muslims as it has the maximum population of Muslims. After the outbreak of World War II, Viceroy Linlithgow constantly promoted the Muslim League and the  Pakistan  power was used to contradict the Congress command that the British should promise to liberate  India  after the war and as evidence of honesty, shift actual power of Government to Indians immediately. Before promising or coming to a concrete solution the British wanted an agreement between the Muslims League and the Congress organization which stated that no political settlement should be made which was offensive to the Muslims League. This agreement would give Jinnah a type of a veto power which he would use in future. Jinnah the main leader of Muslim League had a different outlook for religion and its practices. One of the major drawbacks of Jinnah was he only supported the elite Muslims whereas showing no anxiety to the low and backward Muslims. The Muslim League wanted to give all the privileges to the elite Muslims only, which was for the Muslims Landlords and Nawabs. As the Muslims were not united during the pre partition days, the aim of the Muslim League was to provoke religious passions to dedicated path. As the low caste Muslims were not given importance in the Muslim League they decided their own pathway where they from sections like North West province and South where they supported Indian National Congress. Seeing this scenario the Muslim League used violent language. Since 1870, elite Hindus like zamindars, money lenders and other leaders started an organization to provoke anti Muslims and simultaneously opposing India National Congress. Their sole purpose was to remove the Muslims from the country. For them Hindus were first Hindus and then Indians. This thought formed an organization known as Hindu Mahasabha and later was called Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hindus Mahasabha created a false impression of patriotism by using slogans like Bharat Mata i.e. Mother India and so on, which created an impression that they wanted a country without Muslims. As according to them Hindus and Muslims were a separate Nation. Following are some common features of Hindu Communalism and Muslim Communalism Was mainly for elite members like, Landlords and Kings Was supported by British, basically was in favor of British and not against the British. Both wanted a separate nation as a whole Strongly opposed Indian National Congress Hatred for each other Politics was their backbone Followed a hierarchy system Were strongly against democratic ethics By understanding the roots of communalism we must recognize that it is neither signifies religion nor patriotism as one but it signifies wellbeing. Then the religious communities are being divided into various sections like elite class low class and language it should be realized that no religious community is uniform as communalists. These particular fault lies in both Hindu and Muslims community. The Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha deliberately did not allow the low caste to participate which made linguistic culture lines which divided their religion on the basis on caste. As a result there were three main aspects which lead to the partition of India which are: British Divide and Rule policy Muslim Communalism i.e. the Muslim League representing elite Muslim leaders, zamindars and nawabs Hindu Communalism i.e. Hindu Mahasabha or RSS representing Hindu leaders, Brahmins, money lenders Post-independence: Most communal riots prior to 1947 were rooted in the policy of British colonial rulers. But after the partition, a section of the Indian elite of both sections are also blamed for the problem. Communal problems post independence has been caused many factors, some of which are: The class division of society and the backwardness of our economy resulted in unequal and unbalanced economy. It is the upper classes of the less developed communities that have enjoyed the fruits of limited growth and have hence enjoyed the political power. In order to draw support from their own communities, these leaders have always encouraged communal feelings to strengthen their political support. If we were to take a surface view of bare facts of any communal riot in India, it would appear that the riot was caused by an incident so insignificant that we would stand amazed at how such a trifling matter could cause so much Larson, loot and murder. It however does not require much thinking to know that this incident was not the real cause of the riot. The basic cause for all communal disturbances is the communal atmosphere pervading the country and the communal tension built up between two communities. The communal atmosphere provides a ready tilled soil for communal minded people to sow seeds of communal hatred and nurture them until the bitter harvest of communal riots are reaped.

Isaac Asimovs Foundation - Cycles of History :: Isaac Asimov Foundation

Isaac Asimov's Foundation - Cycles of History Foundation is a novel throughout which the cycles of history are present. Isaac Asimov's peculiar notions on how change in the environment affects the nature of historical change are present throughout this novel. Asimov uses principles of Marxism to fabricate his future history. Asimov also creates a future political structure modeled on the Roman Empire. According to Jean Fielder, one of the greatest influences on Asimov's Foundation novel is Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. This parallel is most discernible as Foundation depicts the gradual disintegration of a great empire, the concomitant rise in regional trade, and the eventual consolidation of political and economic power in the trading city- (or planet-) states. And, like a history, "[Foundation] focuses on mass movements rather than on individual actions"(Fiedler 59). In Foundation, the Galactic Empire is the gradually disintegrating great empire, just as the Roman Empire is the disintegrating empire in Gibbon's work. And, as in Gibbon's history, the Foundation builds a trading empire that later unites the planets together. Many popular histories seem to focus on the empire-builder's military conquests. However, in Foundation, Asimov's history of the future "makes the cogent point that the true tools of empire-building are economic and socio-political development" (Fiedler 57). This principle is shown through the use of the Seldon Crises. Most often, the resolutions to these crises are a unique mix of psychological manipulation and technological usage. For example, the Galactic religion provides a means of psychologically manipulating the people of the galaxy to become dependent upon the technological sophistication of the Foundation. Much of Asimov's Foundation is based upon Marxism and the Marxist principle of historical materialism. In Charles Elkins's opinion, these Marxist ideas include the old puzzle of historical inevitability (predestination) versus free will, which itself flows out of the often unsuccessful yet desperately necessary-and therefore always repeated-struggles of men to control their personal futures and the futures of their societies.(Elkins 100) These ideas are shown throughout Foundation, and in fact are the basis behind most of the heroic characters. Characters like Hober Mallow, Salvor Hardin, and Limmar Ponyets epitomize men who struggle to control their futures (Elkins 105). These men devote their lives to doing their part to help Seldon's Plan to be a success, but in reality, they are a planned part of Seldon's plan to help the Foundation succeed.